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Atomic Time
UTC – What Time is it?
From the early days of the industrial revolution, when railway lines and the telegraph spanned across time zones it became apparent that a global timescale was required that would allow the same time to be used no matter where you were in the world.
The first attempt at a global timescale was GMT – Greenwich Meantime. This was based on the Greenwich Meridian where the sun is directly above at 12 noon. GMT was chosen, primarily because of the influence of the British empire on the rest if the globe.
Other timescales had been developed such British Railway Time but GMT was the first time a truly global system of time was used throughout the world.
GMT remained as the global timescale through the first half of the twentieth century although people began referring to as UT (Universal Time).
However, when atomic clocks were developed in the middle of the twentieth century it soon became apparent that GMT was not accurate enough. A global timescale based on the time told by atomic clocks was desired to represent these new accurate chronometers.
International Atomic Time (TAI) was developed for this purpose but problems in using atomic clocks soon became apparent.
It was thought that the Earth’s revolution on its axis was an exact 24 hours. But thanks to atomic clocks it was discovered the Earth’s spin varies and since the 1970’s has been slowing. This slowing of the Earth’s rotation needed to be accounted for otherwise the discrepancies could build up and night would slowly drift in to day (albeit in many millennia).
Coordinated Universal Time was developed to counter this. Based on both TAI and GMT, UTC allows for the slowing of the Earth’s rotation by adding leap seconds every year or two (and sometimes twice a year).
UTC is now a truly global timescale and is adopted by nations and technologies across the globe. Computer networks are synchronised to UTC via network time servers and they use the protocol NTP to ensure accuracy.
About the Author
Richard N Williams is a technical author and specialist in atomic clocks, telecommunications, NTP and network time synchronisation helping to develop dedicated NTP clocks. Please visit us for more information about an NTP server or other NTP time server solutions.
Would an imploding and exploding atomic bomb exploding at the same time create a black hole?
And suck all of humanity into it?
Okay, I suppose we should start at the basics:
First point: an atomic bomb explodes. The implosion you are thinking of is the initial charge that forces the radioactive isotopes together enabling the chain reaction. Once that reaction starts it is definately an explosion, not an implosion.
Second point: a black hole is nothing more than an extremely dense collection of matter. Imagine a star, only much more dense! As an object's density increases, its escape velocity increases. The escape velocity is the speed an object would have to travel at from the surface of the object in order to escape the attractive force of gravity. In a black hole, the density is so great that the escape velocity is higher than the speed of light. As nothing can travel faster than the speed of light (according to relativity, ignoring string theory and quantum entanglement) nothing can escape the force of attraction from gravity on the surface of the black hole.
Third point: a black hole does not suck anything. Just the same as you fall towards the earth and the earth falls towards the sun, something orbiting a black hole falls towards it. Consider our sun. If the density of the sun suddenly increased (i.e. it became more compact) but its mass was the same, it would have no greater attraction on the planet earth than it does now. If it became a black hole, it would still be just as attractive unless it gained mass. Black holes gain mass when objects fall into them (i.e. are not in a stable orbit around them). They don't 'suck' anything in.
DCF77 Frankfurt Radio Controlled Atomic Time Signal LCD